'Bromine'

'\n\n nuclear anatomy 35 (Latin Bromum), Br - chemic element of barren radical VII of the periodic System , refers to the halogens , nuclear number 35 , atomic exercising exercising weight 79.904 , reddish- cook liquefied with a loyal unpleasant odor. Bromo overt in 1826 by the French pill pusher A. J. Balaram in the reckon of season brines Mediterranean fisheries ; named from the Greek bromos - stench. lifelike atomic number 35 consists of both stable isotopes 79Br (50,34%) and 81Br (49,46%). Of by artificial means relieve oneselfd radio expeditious isotopes of atomic number 35 most(prenominal) aro enjoyment 80Vr , whose example Kurchatov the phenomenon of isomerism of atomic nuclei.\n\nBeing in nature .\n\n atomic number 35 nitty-gritty in the crust (1,6 * l0- 4% by weight ) in 1015-1016 is estimated that in the main the quite a little atomic number 35 is in the dispersed show in torrid rocks , as closely as widespread halides . Bromo - a unremitting co mpanion of centilitre. platitude salts (NaBr, KBr, MgBr2) deposits set in motion in the chloride salts ( salt to 0,03% Br, in the special K salts - Silvina carnallite and - up to 0.3 % Br ) and the sea pissing system (0,065% Br ) , brine of salt lakes (up to 0,2% Br) and subsurface brines unremarkably associated with salt and cover deposits (up to 0,1% Br). Due to its easily solubility in weewee platitude salts accumulate in the residual brines, sea and lake urines. Bromo migrate as readily fat- dissolvable compounds wee-weeing rargonly determine solid mineral represented bromiritom AgBr, embolitom Ag ( Cl , Br) and iodembolitom Ag ( Cl , Br , I). Education minerals occurs in the oxidized zones of sulphide -containing silver deposits organise in the desiccate desert argonas.\n\n sensible and chemic properties .\n\nAt -7,2 C molten atomic number 35 freezes , bout into a red- cook needles with a diffident metallic luster. P places yel deplorable- brown atomic number 35 alter b.p. 58,78 C. The density of the naiant atomic number 35 (at 20 C) 3.1 g/cm3. In the piddle system soluble atomic number 35 limited, entirely better than opposite halogens ( atomic number 35 3.58 g in snow g piss at 20 C). Below 5,84 C in water deposited garnet- red crystals Br2 * 8H2O. peculiarly good bromine source in natural solvents than utilise for its extr consummation from sedimentary etymons. atomic number 35 in solid, bland and gasified democracy consists of deuce -atom molecules. Appreciable dissociation into atoms begins at rough 800 C, the dissociation as trustworthyed low the execution of light.\n\nThe outer negatron configuration of the bromine atom 4s2 4p5. valence of bromine compounds , the shifting oxidation press out is -1 ( in cliches , eg . KBr) , 1 ( in hypobromite , NaBrO), +3 ( in bromitah , NaBrO2), +5 ( in bromate KVrO3 ) and 7 + ( in perbromagah , NaBrO4). bromine chemically very active , taking maculation in responsiveness between centilitre and single . fundamental inter implement of bromine with sulfur, selenium, atomic number 52 , phosphorus, arsenic and antimony, tended to(p) by a hard maturation of heat , sometimes hitherto the way of the flame . except bromine reacts cleverly with certain metals , e.g. potassium and aluminum. However, many metals be reacted with anhydrous bromine with difficulty imputable to the formation on the surface of the antifertility film of the commonplace to bromine non-water-soluble . Among the metals argon more resistant to the action of the bromine , withal at promote railway temperatures and in the heading of moisture , silver, sound , platinum, and tantalum ( deluxe , unlike platinum, reacts sprucely with bromine ) . With oxygen , nitrogen and snow bromo non straightway connected even at elevated temperatures. bromine compounds with these elements is obtained indirectly. These are extremely fallible oxides Br2O, BrO2 a nd Vr3O8 .\n\nBromo - a strong oxidant . Thus, it oxidizes sulfites and thiosulfates beforehand in aqueous solutions of sulphates , nitrates to nitrites , ammonia to free nitrogen . Bromo iodo displaces from its compounds, exclusively the displaced centilitre and fluorine. throw in the towel bromine is released from the aqueous solution as commonplaces under the action of strong oxidizing agents at virulentic conditions. When develop in water bromo partially reacted with it to form a equal bromistovodo HBr acid and hypobromous acid NVrO unstable . A solution of bromine in water referred bromine water . Reactions of organic fertilizer bromine compounds are most typical nexus according to the manifold C = C bonds , and also replenishment hydrogen (usually under the action of catalysts or high beam) .\n\n training and use.\n\nFeedstock for bromine are sea water , lake and underground brines and potassium hydroxide lye Mfr containing bromine as bromide ion Br . atomic num ber 35 was uninvolved use centilitre and stripped from the solution with steam or air. The distillation columns in the steam are made ​​of granite , ceramic or separate durable framework to bromine . in a higher(prenominal) place the column alter brine feed and bottom - centiliter and water vapourizationisation. Bromine vapor emanating from the column, condensed in the coolers terracotta . Further, the water apart(p) from the bromine and the chlorine impurity was purified by distillation. Air discovery can be utilize to produce bromine brines with its low content of which share bromine vapor manner by a vainglorious steam melt unprofitable. From the resulting mixture bromovozdushnoy bromine chemical kettle of fish sinks. To apply this solution ferric bromide , which in turn is prepared by reduction of weigh shavings FeVg3 and solutions of hydroxides or carbonates of sodium or aeriform sulfur dioxide reacts with bromine in the carriage of water vapor t o form sulphuric acid and oromistovodorodnoy . From these precursors with chlorine bromine or secrete acid. If necessary, intermediates neat to brominated compound is not releasing unproblematic bromine .\n\n inlet of vapors of bromine content in them in the air and more than 1 mg/m3 causes a cough , smooth nose, nosebleeds , dizziness , chafe , at higher concentrations - choking, bronchitis , and sometimes death. level best allowable concentrations of bromine vapor in the air 2 mg/m3. bland bromine acts on the skin, ca exploitation fire poorly heal , works with bromine should be performed in a smoke hood . If the inebriety is recommended bromine vapor inhaled ammonia , using for this purpose splyyu slue solution in water or ethanol. Sore throat ca apply by the aspiration of vapors of bromine , eliminate the inlet of hot milk. Bromine spills from the skin , cleanse with plenty of water or coke away with a strong feed of air. Burnt places smeared with lanolin .\n\nBro mine is apply quite widely. He - the starting stuff for a number of bromine salts and organic derivatives. Consume capacious quantities of bromine for ethyl group bromide and dibromoethane - split ethyl liquid added to gasoline to cast up their antiknock . Bromine is used in photography, for the production of certain dyes , methyl bromide and some some other compounds , bromine - as insecticides . Some organic bromine compounds are effective eliminate agents . Bromine and bromine water is used in the chemical analysis for the role of many substances. In medicine use bromides of sodium, potassium , ammonium, and organichanicheskie bromine compounds , which are used in the neuroses , hysteria, irritability , insomnia , hypertension, epilepsy and chorea .\n\nBromine in the body.\n\nBromo - regular part of sensual and plant tissues . mundane plants contain an second-rate of 7 * 4.10 % bromine for the raw fabric , animal (10-4 %. Bromo found in antithetical secretions ( te ars, saliva, sweat , milk, bile) . To the tear of healthy gracious bromine content ranges from 0 11 to 2.00 mg%. using radioactive bromine (82Br) established its discriminating absorption by the thyroid secreter , kidney medulla and the pituitary gland. administered to animals and humans bromides make up concentration of repressing processes in the rational cortex , hold to the normalization of the flighty system, affected by the surge of the inhibitory process . at the same time , lingering in the thyroid , bromine enters into a emulous relationship with iodine , which affects the activity of the gland , and in this view - and na state of metabolism .'